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Chemical Parameter Monitoring Analytical Instrumentation

Chemical testing, in general, is not undertaken as frequently as microbiological analysis because in general, the health risk posed by chemicals is chronic rather than acute and because changes in water chemistry tend to be longer-term unless a specific pollution event has occurred. It should be stressed that monitoring the microbiological quality of water is much more important than monitoring of chemical quality and chemical testing should generally be a lower priority.

However, where resources permit, routine testing of the chemical quality of water should be undertaken. Priority should be given to those substances which are known to be of importance to health and which are known to be present in significant concentrations in drinking water. For instance, the monitoring of nitrate is recommended in many water supplies and in particular those which are located in rural areas, or where recharge occurs in an agricultural area. In these circumstances, regular monitoring is recommended to ensure that early warning of increases is noted or when nitrate releases are highly seasonal in nature.

An assessment of the chemical quality of water should be undertaken during source selection and this should relate to known activities within the catchment of the source and possible natural pollutants. In areas where toxic chemicals are released into the aquatic environment, routine monitoring should be undertaken and closely linked with an emergency warning procedure that should function to alert water suppliers, surveillance agencies and health bodies of any accidental releases of substances into water sources.

Water quality testing is an important part of environmental monitoring when water quality is poor; it affects not only aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem as well. These sections detail all of the parameters that affect the quality of water in the environment. These properties can be physical, chemical or biological factors. Chemical characteristics involve parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen. These parameters are relevant not only to surface water studies of the ocean, lakes, and rivers but to groundwater and industrial processes as well.

With quality, monitoring can help researchers predict and learn from natural processes in the environment and determine human impacts on an ecosystem. These measurement efforts can also assist in restoration projects or ensure environmental standards are being met.

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PERACITIC ACID MONITOR

The Paracidic Acid Transmitter uses a direct sensing polarographic probe mounted in a flowcell to measure PAA residuals in a flowing water stream. A permeable diffusion membrane isolates the sensing electrodes from the measured sample, providing long-term stability without electrode fouling problems.

PERMANGANATE MONITOR

Continuous water quality monitoring of permanganate in treated water presents sensor contamination issues. When permanganate reacts with organics or other reducing materials in solution, manganese dioxide (MnO2) is formed and readily plates out on sensing electrode surfaces. The resulting deposits degrade the measurement and can be difficult to clean. The monitor eliminates this problem by employing a measurement method in which the sensor never comes into contact with the sample. In operation, water containing permanganate is mixed with pH buffer and potassium iodide solutions. Permanganate oxidizes the iodide to iodine (I2), and the resulting I2 is stripped out of solution and measured using an I2 gas sensor. This “gas phase” measurement technique eliminates MnO2 sensor fouling, resulting in a system capable of providing long term reliability.

FLUORIDE MONITOR

Dissolved Fluoride Monitor for drinking water and other clean water applications. This monitor also conditions the sample for stable measurement and provides automatic calibration using two fluoride standards &Provides continuous measurement of free fluoride concentration in potable water without sample conditioning.

SULPHITE MONITOR

Dechlorination of wastewater effluent is common practice in many wastewater treatment facilities throughout the world. Strongly reducing sulfur compounds are used to eliminate chlorine residuals that might prove toxic to fish in the receiving stream. Because residual chlorine discharge limits are often very close to zero, water quality monitoring residual values to comply with regulations has become very difficult, and controlling residuals at values between zero and 10 or 20 parts-per-billion is often not achievable. To meet stringent discharge limits, the sulfite or bisulfite used for dechlorination is added in slight excess, providing a small sulfite residual to ensure complete dechlorination. This Monitor provides operators with a reliable tool for maintaining a small sulfite residual while reducing excess chemical consumption due to overfeed.

SULPHIDE MONITOR

Dissolved Sulfide Water Quality Monitor provides an improved method for measuring sulfides in solution. Sulfides can be found naturally in well water and can build up in wastewater collection systems due to anaerobic conditions frequently found there. In addition, sulfides are used in mercury removal processes and are frequently found in tanning wastes. In drinking water systems, sulfides cause taste and odor problems. In wastewater systems, sulfides cause damage to concrete structures in collection systems and contribute to odor problems in treatment facilities. Measurement of dissolved sulfide concentrations has been done primarily by the use of analyzers employing ion selective electrodes (ISE) for sensing. While providing adequate sensitivity, ISE based systems require frequent zero and span adjustments to maintain measurement accuracy. Because of this, most ISE based monitoring systems are relatively expensive and require frequent service.